Selecting ecosystem indicators for fisheries targeting highly migratory species: An EU project to advance the operationalization of the EAFM in ICCAT and IOTC

Several international legal agreements and guidelines have set the minimum standards and key principles to guide the implementation of an
ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM). However, the implementation of an EAFM in tuna Regional Fisheries Management
Organizations (RFMOs) has been patchy and lack a long-term plan, vision and guidance on how to operationalize it. The Specific Contract N0
2 “selecting ecosystem indicators for fisheries targeting highly migratory species-” (SC02 project) under the Framework Contract - EASME/
EMFF/2016/008 provisions of Scientific Advice for Fisheries Beyond EU Waters- addresses several scientific challenges and provides insights
to support the implementation of an EAFM through collaboration and consultation with the International Commission for the Conservation of
Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) and the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC). Specifically, this project first highlights properties of success and best
practices from other regions of the world in operationalizing the ecosystem approach that potentially could be transferred to ICCAT and IOTC.
Second, it delivered a list of potential ecosystem indicators of relevance to tuna RFMOs (ICCAT and IOTC) that are suitable to track the
impacts of fisheries targeting tuna and tuna-like species on the broader pelagic ecosystem. Third, it designed a general framework based on a
rule-based decision tree to provide guidance on how reference points could be set and used for diverse types of ecosystem indicators. Fourth,
it proposed candidate ecoregions within the Atlantic and Indian Oceans which could be used to guide region-based ecosystem plans,
assessments and research to ultimately provide better ecosystem-based advice to inform fisheries management. Fifth, it developed two pilot
ecosystem plans for two case study regions, the tropical ecoregion within the ICCAT convention area, and the temperate ecoregion within the
IOTC convention area. At this stage, these pilot ecosystem plans aim to create awareness about the need for ecosystem planning, start a
discussion about the elements that need to be part of a planning process, and initiate a discussion in ICCAT and IOTC about the potential
needs of ecosystem plans and their function. Finally, this project provided recommendations to foster the potential development, use, and
implementation of ecosystem plans in ICCAT and IOTC.